To be able to obtain optimal informed consent for cardiac catheterization, there are at least 4 aspects of the process that must be carefully considered.

1. The patient must have the capacity and ability to make the decision.
2. The clinician obtaining consent, must provide adequate information about the procedure and must describe the expected risks and benefits including the probability that the risks or benefits will actually occur.
3. The patient must understand the relevant information regarding the procedure, risks, and benefits, and
4. The patient must voluntarily give consent without duress or being coerced.

In this lecture, Dr. Ragosta provides the background information needed for cardiology attendings, fellows, and/or nurse practitioners to participate in the informed consent process.

Note: This course is eligible for ACPE credit.

• To obtain excellent informed consent from patients by understanding the frequency and severity of complications that can occur during cardiac catheterization procedures.
• To avoid complications by understanding the common mechanisms and risk factors.
• To describe the correct treatment of the most frequent complications of cardiac catheterization